New scoring tool measures delirium severity

Scientists have developed a new measure of delirium severity that could help improve patient-centred care.

The tool — called the DEL-S delirium severity score — provides severity measures that are significantly associated with clinically relevant outcomes, including length of hospital stay and hospital costs.

Building on their prior delirium severity instruments, such as the CAM-S, scientists from Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and Hebrew SeniorLife used measurement approaches — such as patient self-reported items and finely graded observer ratings, combined with input from delirium experts who identified key indicators of delirium severity — to develop the latest tool.

Delirium is said to affect up to 64% of older medical patients and up to 50% of older surgical patients. It can manifest as sudden confusion, agitation, memory loss or hallucinations and delusions, and is linked with longer hospital stays, complications and increased risks of dementia and death. While there are more than 30 instruments currently available for identifying delirium in patients, few exist to assess its severity, according to BIDMC and Hebrew SeniorLife scientists.

According to the Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care (ACSQHC), about 10–18% of Australians aged 65 years or older have delirium at the time of admission to hospital and a further 2–8% develop delirium during their hospital stay. The cost associated with delirium in Australia in 2016–17 was estimated to be $8.8 billion, according to the commission. In September 2021, the ACSQHC launched new clinical care standards for handling delirium that recognised both COVID-19 and the value of family and carer support.

“Many clinicians recognise that simply characterising delirium as either present or absent is insufficient to evaluate and manage delirium clinically,” said corresponding author Sarinnapha M Vasunilashorn, PhD, a researcher in the Division of General Medicine at BIDMC and assistant professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School.

“The ability to rate delirium severity is key to providing optimal care for older adults, and such ratings would allow clinicians to target patients with severe delirium, monitor their response to treatment and ultimately provide more appropriate patient-centred care.”

The delirium severity score has both a six-item short-form version, which may be preferred for clinical use, and a 17-item long-form version, preferred for research clinical research or reference standard ratings.

To develop and assess the delirium severity score, the researchers enrolled adults aged 70 years or older who were admitted or transferred to medical or surgical services at BIDMC between October 2015 and March 2017. Within 48 hours of hospital admission, delirium was assessed with daily, in-person interviews using cognitive testing and previously validated tools. Medical records were then reviewed by an experienced research physician. Of the 352 patients enrolled, 69 (20%) developed delirium (167 delirium-days of 1190 daily ratings in all patients).

The researchers next quantified delirium severity using the short-form and long-form versions of the delirium severity score and reported that patients with the highest delirium severity scores had longer hospital stays, greater in-hospital costs, higher medical costs and mortality up to one year after hospital stay compared with patients with the lowest severity scores.

“The findings suggest that the delirium severity score is associated with adverse clinical outcomes,” said senior author Sharon K Inouye, MD, MPH, director of the Aging Brain Center at the Marcus Institute for Aging Research of Hebrew SeniorLife, a clinical scientist in the Division of Gerontology at BIDMC and professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School. “The delirium severity score will help to optimise delirium management clinically with important financial and quality of care implications. Moreover, it may provide a useful outcome measure for clinical trials or biomarker studies in delirium.”

The findings have been published in JAMA Network Open.